Character Analysis – the Importance of Being Earnest (Algernon Moncrief)

Algernon Moncrief in Oscar Wilde's â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† is quite simply a child at play. Algy, as he's known to his friends, is a young bachelor not yet in his thirties living the aristocratic life of a Victorian gentleman. He has an underdeveloped sense of morality and of the world beyond him. Algy has an excellent skill for wit and as an â€Å"Oxonian†, his education is also rather noticeable. You might also surmise him to be unhappy if he were eating muffins as if there was no tomorrow, and he doesn't seem fond of sharing his cucumber sandwiches in any case. He expresses indifference to everything that fails to give him a moment's amusement as he refers to his manservant's short marriage, â€Å"I don't know that I am much interested in your family life†. Bills would likely pile in his flat in London on Half Moon Street, if he didn't tear them up. Responsibility isn't in his vocabulary, and he certainly doesn't place very much importance on being earnest. John (Jack) Worthing is Algy's best friend and is quite serious about everything that Algy takes for granted. Although they do share a mutual fondness for a particular past time called â€Å"Bunburying† that involves the creation of a fictional double in the form of a brother or friend. The point of which to allow them to easily create excuses to travel as they like. Additionally Algy enjoys using his â€Å"Bunbury† character to avoid dinner with his aunt Lady Bracknell. He believes once a week is enough time to spend with relatives. While Jack utilizes his â€Å"Bunbury† character, ironically named Earnest, to see Algy's first cousin, Gwendolen Fairfax. In the first act of the play, Algy was curious about an inscription in a cigarette case that Jack had left behind. The inscription read â€Å"From little Cecily, with her fondest love to her dear Uncle Jack†. Up to this moment, Algy had only known Jack only by the name Ernest, but now Algy discovers Jack's own â€Å"Bunburying†. Not seemingly fazed, as Algy seemed more interested in the specifics of the one named Cecily, he continued to question Jack about the case only to discover that Cecily is not Jack's niece, but his ward. Enticed by the thought of this young female ward of Jack's, Algy presses him by expressing his interest. This results in Jack revealing that Cecily is â€Å"excessively pretty† and â€Å"only eighteen†. Quite determined now, but resolving that he was â€Å"not going to be invited† by Jack, he decided to overhear Jack's conversation with Gwendolen. Fortunately for Algy, Jack reveals his country address to Gwendolen. Algy certainly had a scheme in his mind as he was writing down the address on his shirt cuff. Algy is quite a bored person. To avoid boring activities and to broaden his scope of entertainment, he created a fictitious character, Bunbury. As Bunbury, he can escape to the country side or just his aunt's dinners. Algy also finds entertainment in being witty and appreciating life as an art form. He doesn't avoid scrapes as he â€Å"love scrapes†. His scheme to see Cecily certainly turns into one, and many things change for him once he does finally meet Cecily. I think it is best summed up by Algy saying â€Å"I killed Bunbury this afternoon† when he had just told Jack that â€Å"Nothing will induce me to part with Bunbury†. After meeting Cecily and falling madly in love with her, he's willing to give up his â€Å"freedom†. Both he and Jack even resort to scheduling baptisms to correct their lies, and in turn both become earnest. Algy always seemed quite amused with his own wit, even remarking on one occasion on his statement concerning women and their mothers, â€Å"It is perfectly phrased! â€Å". He believed women to become their mothers while men don't become their fathers. He also shows his keen understanding of human behavior when remarking about the music selection for his aunt's dinner, â€Å"if one plays good music, people don't listen, and if one plays bad music people don't talk†. Along with his wonderful taste in music, he's particularly fond of fashion. He would â€Å"never have any appetite† without â€Å"a buttonhole first†, and as much of a glutton he is, that's saying a lot. He also comments of the fashion of others or rather the lack thereof such as Jack and how he â€Å"has no taste in neckties at all†. Another thing Algy knew, was that he loved Cecily and was willing to do anything to marry her. Algy may have fallen in love and forever lost his dear invalid friend, Bunbury, but his interest is fleeting. As well Cecily, for she even states she â€Å"hates waiting even five minutes for anybody†. I believe it likely for their love to burn brightly and quickly. A man that could fall in love with a woman in ten minutes and a woman that could love a man just for his name alone is not an ideal match. Although, their mutual whimsy could be that which makes them an ideal match. I would just hope Algy does as his said and forgets how after the proposal â€Å"the excitement is all over†. Although, technically speaking, Algy never did propose to Cecily as they had been engaged nearly three months before they even met. It is widely believed that Algernon is a representation of Oscar Wilde himself, as both men are rather witty dandies that lead double lives. While it can be argued whether Algy had truly changed, I'd like to think that he came to the realization â€Å"that Bunbury could not live†. Algy had finally bumped into someone in that castle in the sky and was sure to provide him with plenty of entertainment as Cecily's imagination seemed to constantly create stories out of thin air. When she told him of their imaginary break up before they even met, Algy was â€Å"very much hurt indeed† and found Cecliy's reacceptance of the engagement to make her a â€Å"perfect angel†.

True Grit

Ronnie Simonson Mrs. Brown W-2 2-26-11 The Analysis of Baseball A very famous author and poet May Swenson, wrote a poem called the,† The Analysis of Baseball†. This Poem uses many types of poetry elements. The elements that are primarily used in, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† are Onamonpias, Rhyme, and metaphors. In the Poem,†The Analysis of Baseball† there are many Onamonpias used as an element of poetry. In this poem Onamonpias are used to get the reader into the poem and give excitement.The first example where an Onamonpia is used is when May Swenson says, â€Å"Ball bounces off bat, flies air, or thwack ball meets mitt. What that statement was saying was that the batter can choose whether to make contact with the ball or watch as it goes into the catcher’s mitt. One more example where an Onamonpia is used to give excitement to the poem is where she says, â€Å"Sometimes ball gets hit Pow when bat meets it, and sails to a place where mitt just has to quit. In that example the word POW is the sound that is going to occur when the ball meets the bat. Next in the poem, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† rhyme is another element of poetry used in this poem. In this poem rhyme is used because it gives it a scene of humor and helps the reader get a rhythm. The first example where rhyme is used is when the poet says, â€Å"Ball hates to take bat’s bait. † What that is saying is that the ball doses not want to come into a coalition with the bat or have a big impact.The next example of rhyme that is used stated is,† Ball flirts, bats late, don’t keep the date. † What that meant was that the batter was late to swing and now cannot hit the ball. The last main element of poetry that was used in, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† is Metaphors. One example of a metaphor is when May Swenson says, â€Å"Bat waits for ball to mate. Ball hates to take bats bait. † In that verse May Swen son is saying that the batter has swung and missed the ball and now has a strike because the bat wants to mate but the ball does not want to take bats bait.The next example where a metaphor is used is when she says, â€Å"Ball flirts, bats late, don’t keep the date. † What that statement was saying is the batter has once again swung and missed and now has an additional strike. This poem has used many types of elements of poetry. May Swenson used metaphors, rhyme, and Onamonpias to give this poem excitement and also help give the reader meaning to the poem. This poem also tells the reader what is happening without really even telling them what is happening. True Grit Ronnie Simonson Mrs. Brown W-2 2-26-11 The Analysis of Baseball A very famous author and poet May Swenson, wrote a poem called the,† The Analysis of Baseball†. This Poem uses many types of poetry elements. The elements that are primarily used in, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† are Onamonpias, Rhyme, and metaphors. In the Poem,†The Analysis of Baseball† there are many Onamonpias used as an element of poetry. In this poem Onamonpias are used to get the reader into the poem and give excitement.The first example where an Onamonpia is used is when May Swenson says, â€Å"Ball bounces off bat, flies air, or thwack ball meets mitt. What that statement was saying was that the batter can choose whether to make contact with the ball or watch as it goes into the catcher’s mitt. One more example where an Onamonpia is used to give excitement to the poem is where she says, â€Å"Sometimes ball gets hit Pow when bat meets it, and sails to a place where mitt just has to quit. In that example the word POW is the sound that is going to occur when the ball meets the bat. Next in the poem, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† rhyme is another element of poetry used in this poem. In this poem rhyme is used because it gives it a scene of humor and helps the reader get a rhythm. The first example where rhyme is used is when the poet says, â€Å"Ball hates to take bat’s bait. † What that is saying is that the ball doses not want to come into a coalition with the bat or have a big impact.The next example of rhyme that is used stated is,† Ball flirts, bats late, don’t keep the date. † What that meant was that the batter was late to swing and now cannot hit the ball. The last main element of poetry that was used in, â€Å"The Analysis of Baseball† is Metaphors. One example of a metaphor is when May Swenson says, â€Å"Bat waits for ball to mate. Ball hates to take bats bait. † In that verse May Swen son is saying that the batter has swung and missed the ball and now has a strike because the bat wants to mate but the ball does not want to take bats bait.The next example where a metaphor is used is when she says, â€Å"Ball flirts, bats late, don’t keep the date. † What that statement was saying is the batter has once again swung and missed and now has an additional strike. This poem has used many types of elements of poetry. May Swenson used metaphors, rhyme, and Onamonpias to give this poem excitement and also help give the reader meaning to the poem. This poem also tells the reader what is happening without really even telling them what is happening.

Analysis of “The Metamorphosis”

According to Sokel, he refers to this as an intrinsic drive that comes from someone. One must work hard and be determined on everything that he anticipates to realize. He should not entirely depend on the external forces or commands from external sources to make him go through. He highlights the Marxist idea that someone only appears to be a true human being who can be recognized in the society when he can be positively rewarded by the works of his hands. Whenever he is imposed by the economic necessity, the work cannot actually make him became alienated because he would be engaged with other people, which is already an agent of socialization. He does not become himself as an individual; rather, he is alienated from his humankind. In this short analysis, the metamorphosis, the protagonist might become a wrong person. When Gregor works as a salesperson, he has a lot in his mind. Things might not be adding up according to him because he has to travel long distances to get customer, he has to pay his bills; he also has to take good care of this family. All these burden mounted on him does not make him happy. For this reason, he has to remain alone and except himself from the company of many. The paper will look into this issue through citation of Kafka`s depiction on the way in which the protagonist react to the idea leading his family into the misfortune. He eventually suffer the guilt of conscience which by all means dismisses Marx`s assertion that loss of humanity can also come from external sources like work mates and family members. International Journal of Arts and Sciences CD-ROM ISSN: 1944-6934 2017 Volume 09, Number 04From the journal, Palvos states that dangling among the vicissitudes in the world without harmony accomplishes a great blow to one`s moral identity. In life, every turn a fatality that has nothing to do with an incorrigible personal law and ethical countenance. If this happens, ones hope and determinations are all shuttered and his life remains without a meaning. Gregor`s self alienation and humiliation is suggestive of the modern dilemma of human beings in the technological period of machines who brute facts and information systems. This analysis points through and through to the reality of material existence and the possibilities of its fall, consequently moves toward the complete subversion of an ethical universe. From a responsible man who could take good care of his family to someone who is mentally tortured and only feels comfortable when he isolates himself from other people. Gregor's metamorphosis from a civilized man into a horrific and monstrous vermin, an instinctual underworld character with an almost automatic nature, and finally to a simple bit of matter, turns him into an antagonist who upsets all the instincts of life. Indeed, Kafka's criminal world vermin gives rise to a deep and stifled impulse in modernity, to the gradual spiritual death of the human, a metamorphosis par excellence of the human substantiate that overrides all instinctual and hermeneutical bound. When the mental capability of human being fails to reason, he is recognized as a worthless being that is at par reasoning with all animals. Henceforth, the humiliated modern human -uprooted beyond bound. When one is stripped of all ethical purposefulness, he no longer possesses the moral entity given to thinking and questioning. He is called to de facto accept and obey the mastermind of pretence techno capital reality, and, the geophysical enterprise of its dully respect.Miyamoto, Kaori. â€Å"Erich Fromm's theory of alienation.†University of Massachusetts Amherst, February 2014, pp. 1-47. Positive factors of freedom sometimes blind many people. Myamoto emphasized on this statement by saying that most of the rich and modernized societies today have a lot of freedom and they enjoy it extremely without sensing the side effects associated with the freedom. The societies have failed in looking at the two sides of the coin. He goes by saying that alienation is a side effect associated with the freedom which most of us have failed to look into with a lot of concern. He support his claim by citing Enrich Fromm`s concept of alienation. He says that the relation of human being is very pivotal especially to those who are alienated. Those alienated should be put close to other people. Being alone to people is not enough, but it should be in all dimensions, through feelings, thoughts and even actions. This source identifies alienation as one of the side effect of identification of human being. Kafka`s protagonist, Gregor is very potential and cooperative in providing to the family. He shows all the ability of taking care of his parents. However, at some points, he alienates himself from the family, an aspect of perpetuated by the ended gratitude and concordat he previously got from them. Because of the isolation, he cannot be identified as someone who is financially stable and can take good care of the family.Nicolae, Cristina. â€Å"Franz Kafka's metamorphotic prison: the door and the window.† Studia Universitatis Petru Maior, Philologia 18, 2015, p. 143- According to Nicolae, he makes his argument to the modern family where one appears to be insignificant or cannot realize his life dreams. He argues that the fact that Gregory stays benevolent makes him appear someone who is finally alienated and spends most of his time alone even without the family knowing his whereabouts. Gregor is portrayed as one who cannot be recognized in the society and he struggles with his loneliness at work place where he decided to seek new identity. At one point, the protagonist identifies himself with a creature which does not make him associate in the light; he rather has to hide himself in the darkness. Actually, being rejected makes one loose his value and becomes worthless before other people. In this regard, this source proves resourceful in identifying the change in Gregor which is from metal to physical level because of the challenge he gets while dealing with his family. From the outlook, Gregor does no change his moral standing irrespective of all the humiliations that he comes across. According to this source, morality is a factor in Gregor`s alienation after being neglected by the family. The social strength which is acquired by the family proves a lot of dehumanization as they draw the attention they originally had for Gregor. Yaron, Idan and Herzog, Omri (2013). â€Å"Kafka's ruins in popular culture: A story of Metamorphosis.† Journal of Popular Culture 46:5, 1092-106.According to Yaron, maintaining culture in the society is very important. Culture helps in preserving the codes of conduct that governs good stay in the community. One who alienates himself from the culture has no positive contribution to the society. According to him, Gregor commits no crime towards anyone only that he was not true to himself and there was nothing that amazing that could make him alienate himself the other people. The split that he experiences in his personality, his deepest struggle and abandoning the culture includes everything taking place within him. However, most people who do not experience such things do not know about it. They can either choose to ignore or deny it. Gregor out rightly bears no illusion about the metaphysical chasm that encircles him and the isolation it brings from those around him who are his equals but do not know it. This gulf is not alienation from his family and the hypocrisy of his relations to them both prior and after the metamorphosis, but is the isolation where a disillusioned man who awakens to a radical awareness of his own mortality suffers the awful experience of separation from others. The separation is actually against the culture. The culture does not allow one ton separate from others irrespective of the situation, however, this takes place because of what he feels in his innermost heart. His corporeity points to his mortality which makes the inhuman world his master. Gregor's inhuman world is as incomprehensible to human reason and sensibility as is death; it is far more human and humane than the reality of the people surrounding him who have denied their own mortality. Modernity and the existential metaphysics of life and death in kafka's metamorphosis pavlos e. michaelides (2017) university of nicosia, CyprusFollowing the customs of our world, and according to the laws of habit and self-complacency, it would be beyond the bounds of scientific innovation for us to wake one morning and find ourselves transformed into colossal insects. Grego`s metamorphosis touches a deep, unappreciated, and anguishing reality in life. This is nourished by sources which are deeper than those of cogent reflection and scientific knowledge. Our personal existence can sometime lead us to horrifying and most anguishing discovery. This points out that the transitory nature of our lives and places can absolutely have great demand on our moral nature to reconcile with its true temporal dimensions. In this plinth, Gregor is doomed from the beginning. His far-reaching transformation into vermin is just physical and irrevocably. Later, it fully becomes impossible for him to reconcile the radical discontinuity between his newly discovered physical structure and his prior human self. The sudden awakening to the devastating discovery of his metamorphosis even brings backfire of his daily expectations with a terrifying inability not to achieve them again. His former self remains qualitatively unchangeable, indeed throughout the story is mostly baffled helplessly trying to adjust to radical change. Despite the tremendous effort that he puts, he ultimately finds it impossible to cope or bridge the gap between an unbridgeable void, which makes his insect like physical structure and the retaining of meaningful human identity.

Growing Skywest Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Growing Skywest Airlines - Essay Example SkyWest Airline has a number of opportunities that it can leverage. These opportunities includes planes that can carry double or triple the capacity of the smaller planes , seasonal increase in number of travels, the company has its own fueling terminals which makes it enjoy low fuel prices, and the ever increasing cost in other means of traveling including car and train (Thomas, 2011). The company can utilize this opportunities to improve its market share as well as the profit margin. The following explanations illustrate a number of inroads that the company can use towards improving its profit. The load capacity of the larger planes predisposes the company to expand its market. The company can make inroads into the new market by promoting the services offered by these large planes. Presently, the company is leading in providing airline transport services to its consumers. Arguably, promotion would increase the consumer awareness about the existence of the planes. Further, the company can utilize the promotional opportunity to open its market. Marketing critics believe that promotion helps in improving the market brands (Palepu, et.al. 2007). Similarly, the company can tap this opportunity to not only market its services in the greater North America, but also improve the general market share. The large capacity planes can enable the company to enjoy the economies of scale. This means that when these planes ply in the same routes as the previous planes, the company would be incurring less production or maintenance cost as opposed to the use of many small capacity planes. SkyWest Airlines can use the pricing strategy as a marketing tool to enjoy a larger market share. As stated above the large planes have large load capacity, which makes the company to enjoy a big profit margin. Therefore, a move to reduce or use pricing

Business Analisys of Coca Cola Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Analisys of Coca Cola Brand - Essay Example The essay discusses that the Coca-Cola Company started as a beverage business company in 1886 selling the product at five cents a bottle. The initial escalation was unsurpassed and impressive, but more was characterized when the company established a more and powerful system of bottling. This made the brand rise to be the world’s most liked and known brand of today. The sale of Coca-Cola began in Vicksburg by a storeowner called Joseph Biedenharn who started bottling the product for sale in a common bottle termed Hutchinson. The storeowner accidentally sent a sample to Asa Candler who was the owner of the company who merely thanked him and did not implement this aspect. One of Candler’s nephews persisted for his use of the bottle but he ignored and only centered on the fountain proceeds. Two youthful attorneys from Tennessee trusted that they had the competence to build up a business around bottling the brand. They met with the director of the company who later authoriz ed them to bottle the brand in roughly all the parts of the US. The brand now rose to one dollar a bottle. A third party who was a lawyer joined the duo, thus they further vended the bottle rights to confined wholesalers and entrepreneurs. Their endeavors were further heightened by the major a technological advancements that increased efficiency and quality of the product. With this breakthrough, nearly 500 bottling plants were functioning and small-scale businesses and families owned a majority of them. A number of the plants were only opened in the dry spells when the demand was escalated. Since the straight bottle was confusing to the public, an undersized group on behalf of the company asked the public to give ideas on how to improve the bottle so that it becomes unique to the Coca-Cola brand. With the technological advancements eminent in the global economy, those who sold the brand evolved into global chains. These customers merged for reason of tackling the increasing global market (Tung, 2001, 23). The company is an American beverage institution and manufacturer. It has its HQ in Atlanta Georgia and has Muhtar Kent as its present Director. The company also retails and promotes non-alcoholic juices and syrups. The company is best recognized for its pioneer Coca-Cola product invented by John Pemberton in Georgia. Asa Chandler established the modus operandi and brand of Coca-cola in 1889. It features in the NYSE, and is a component of DJIA and the Russell Index. 2. Organizational Design & Strategy The primary competences that provide the association its unsurpassed competitive merit are its powerful name of product and its system of distribution and bottling. Besides its marketing potentials and extensive collection of products, The Company has key competences that are tremendously complicated, if not impracticable to copy. The powerful Coca-Cola product name provides the company a large amount of bargaining influence and advantage. In 1999, Coca-Cola Com pany and PepsiCo were struggling to develop into merchants of juices for the Wendy’s cafe chain. Wendy’s chose to associate with The Coca-Cola Company albeit PepsiCo was presenting a large amount of money. The Coca-Cola brand name enjoys much domination in the market. The Coca-Cola brand has authority on customer preferences. When Company was endeavoring to initiate Diet Coke, they implemented some sightless taste experiments with customers. The customers favored a glass tagged Diet Coke over a glass tagged Tab by 12%, although the fluids in all the glasses were matching. Designing Organizational Structure: Authority &Control The Company presently recruits nearly 94,800 workers. According to a broad managerial graphical representation acquired from the firm’s website, the company has over 5 hierarchical stages at the corporate strategy. For instance, the director of the Canadian region is subordinate to the

Company Analysis for Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Analysis for Nike - Essay Example The company has agreements with internet companies such as Yahoo and Google. It uses them as a marketing platform for its products. It operates within different companies and subsidiaries. It entered the market originally with different footwear designs. It also deals in apparel designs such jerseys for different football teams and designs sports gear for other games as well. The company produces running shoes with their trademark logo â€Å"Nike† inscribed most of the labels they produce. Today, the company’s logo has grown to include a large range of leisure and sportswear. All this is endorsed by famous sporting personalities such as Tiger Woods. The Company is recognized by the Federal Statistical Classification Agencies that classify business establishments in the United States. This is the body that is charged with collection, analysis and publication of statistical data relating to the businesses within the USA. According to North America Industry Codes, Nike has the code 316211. 31 denote Footwear manufacturing Industry. 62 denote Rubber while 11 denotes plastics. In short, Nike falls under Footwear Manufacturing industry according to NAICS Codes. Nike Company designs, develops and markets high quality and active sports equipment, apparel, as well as other accessory products. The company produces several brands of shoe styles every single day to keep up to speed with different needs of its customers. It deals in trends that appeal to different tastes of its customers (Bogomolova, 2011). This is perhaps a critical success factor for the company. Different customers have a variety of products to choose from. They strive to meet current standards by studying the market and carrying out feasibility studies about new products, a measure that ensures they stay ahead of their competitors. The management of the company ensures that they have closer working relationships foe effective deliberation of

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Communicable Disease Paper - Essay Example Chicken pox can be spread easily through sneezing or coughing, even rapidly. Furthermore, any direct contact with the secretions of the blisters will spread the chicken pox from one person to another. An individual who is infected is contagious and infectious two days before the rash appears or any sign of chicken pox appears. This continues for about four to five days. â€Å"Varicella has an incubation period of between 10 and 21 days - i.e. the rash will appear from 10 to 21 days after the virus has infected the patient.† (Medical News Today, 2014) There is no way of reducing the length of time a child has chicken pox, only making the symptoms more bearable. A vaccine against chicken pox is used as part of the normal vaccination program. â€Å"They are mainly caused by the varicella virus which is either caused by the direct contact with blisters or through sneezing and coughing.† (Gosh.nhs.uk, 2014) Every individual usually catches chicken pox once in a lifetime. As it is one of the most communicable diseases, mostly children catch chicken pox sooner or later in their lives. Mainly everyone near the infected individual is at risk if they have not gone through this disease before. It is not possible to alter the time-period for which a child has chicken pox. â€Å"However, in most cases there is no need to keep the child away from nursery or school if they have been in contact with chicken pox but not caught the illness.† (Webmd.com, 2014) It is not possible to alter the time-period for which a child has chicken pox. Vaccinations, however, are used as part of the general program. If a child has fever, it should be brought down using paracetamol as it is effective from the start. This is done because when a child has chicken pox, he must be kept cool and in a normal temperature. Heat and sweating makes itching worse, hence the condition of child gets worse. A child suffering from this disease should be

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 Case Assignment Essay

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 4 Case Assignment - Essay Example Negative and positive reinforcement both are administered by type X managers and those with a transactional leadership style. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, is an extended form of the traditional transactional leadership approach. Transformational leadership is not only based on the conformity of the followers and/or subordinates but it also looks forward to shift the beliefs, the values and the needs of the followers. The attempt of transformational leaders is to become successful in raising colleagues, followers, subordinates and clients towards a much greater awareness of the consequences of the issues. This spreading of awareness requires a leader who is equipped with a vision, internal locus of control, confidence and the courage to put forward what he sees is right (Kuhnert and Lewis, 1987). TRANSACTIONAL LEADER – CHARLES DE GAULLE The main essence of transactional leadership dates back to the World War 1, where leaders gained relative importance and lea d the forces of war. French army in the event of the First World War and was amongst the few army generals who led successful armored counter attacks during the battle of France in 1940. What makes Charles De Gaulle a transactional leader? The famous French statesman Charles de Gaulle was a prominent example of the transactional leadership style. ... He also motivated his subordinates through keeping forward the rewards and punishment process. He was an Army man and so laid out a clear requirement plan in front of his subordinates and the corresponding rewards and it was very evident that in the event of a failure to satisfy those requirements, they will be eligible to receive the corresponding punishment. Was his leadership style appropriate? All these traits qualify Charles De Gaulle as a transactional leader. The approach he had was very suitable for the environment of that era. Politically as well, he had the right vision for that time. He has been very famous for his work in History and many politicians and leaders of today admire him (Qazi, 2010). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER – MARTIN LUTHER KING Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a Baptist minister’s family in 1929, Atlanta, Georgia. He was himself a Baptist minister and was awarded with national prominence as the leader of Civil rights movement in Unite d States and through the Southern Christian leadership conference. He was also one of the bearers of Nobel Prize for peace award in 19 64, his efforts and leadership abilities were the keys to success for his movement which was the ending of the legal segregation of the African Americans in the southern states of the United States. He was never in favor of violence and always wanted to bring about a social change in the status quo of people (McGuire & Hutchings, 2007). What makes Martin Luther King Jr. a transformational leader? He was a visionary. He had a broader vision to bring about a change and had the skills to convert the abstract ideas into an understandable objective and goal making it easier for his followers to understand. He was an

Economic Value Of Tourism In London Dissertation

Economic Value Of Tourism In London - Dissertation Example Street markets are one of those places that are under the direct influence of such tourists due to direct interaction between tourists, traders, management of such places and other personnel, and social elements involved. They are considered as a source of major revenue generation for the residents of the city and also considered as tourists’ attraction by federal and local authorities. Due to their strategic importance for the cities, these markets undergo changes and developments (at the different pace and of different nature) whereas these changes are promulgated by traders, management of these street markets and local officials in response to purchasing trends of local and foreign customers. However, the research is mainly focused on responses of street markets to tourists visiting these places. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of tourism on the street markets of London. For the purpose of this research, various street markets like Camden markets, Borough Market, Brick Lane Market and Portobello market have been selected as subjects of the research. Such selection has been made to include markets from different geographic locations. Also, most of these markets have the varied profile in terms of product portfolio, traders, management, history and culture which would be helpful in adding diversity to the research and enhancing generalization of its application on the larger population. It is important to note that street markets are considered as a reflection of local culture. Due to the rich history and their direct relation with local inhabitants, they not only act as a hub of socialization but also act as a source of preservation of local heritage. Furthermore, they also provide the sense of community to those working there and residing at the same place. Street markets also provide a feel of originality and an opportunity for external visitors for getting in touch with local norms and values.

How organisational culture and safety influence on project performance Essay

How organisational culture and safety influence on project performance in organisations - Essay Example The paper tells that generally it is believed that organizational culture is one of the factors which influence the performance of the construction industry. The organizational culture is the set of shared values and belief that people of organization follow and it is reflected in their behavior, attitude, and reaction with each other and with organization’s stakeholders. However, the cultures which are being followed in the construction industry is associated with the ineffective communication and coordination among members of a project team, sexual harassment, poor mentality and lack of trust among project team members. These features results in negatively affecting the overall performance of the industry. This research study is being conducted in order to investigate the impact of organizational culture on the safety of the project with reference to the construction industry. The study also seeks to explore the impact of culture and safety on project performance. The study is based on the construction industry located in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher in this study also interested in finding the current health and safety policies being adopted by the construction industry in Saudi Arabia, the accidental rates in construction sites, and the factors influence in implementing safety culture in construction companies. The research would be helpful in determining the degree to which culture influence safety and performance of the project. Choudhry, R., Fang, D., and Lingard, H. conducted research study regarding the safety climate of the construction industry and concluded that the safety is highly important for improving the overall performance of the construction organizations and thus provided a framework for measuring the safety climate of a construction company. Fang, Chen, and Wong conducted the research study on the safety climate of the construction industry in Hong Kong and presented important insights for the organizations operating in t he construction industry of Hong Kong. Larsson, Pousette, and Torner and O’Toole worked on the relationship of the safety climate with the employees’ behavior and performance.

The Caribbean Mosaic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Caribbean Mosaic - Essay Example Before the Cuban Revolution took place, thousands and millions of women and Cuban citizens who had an African descent suffered a lot from social and racial discrimination (Prevost, 2009, p. 138). Due to the unequal educational opportunity between men and women, majority of the women were allowed to work only as a domestic helper and prostitutes. Because of the Cuban people’s desire not only to gain national independence from other countries like the United States and the Soviet Union but also to construct a society that is capable of improving its health and educational program without having the people undergo social problems related to racism and sexism, the Cuban Revolution which applies â€Å"the concept of military organization as a basis for communist revolution† took place (Horowitz, 1998, p. 566). Given that the United States is pro-democratic type of government, the United States has maintained a trade embargo status with Cuba making it illegal for any U.S. cor poration to conduct business transactions in Cuba. As stated in the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the United States will continue to maintain trade status until such time that the Cuban regime decided to move towards democratization and high respect for human rights (Department of State - United States of America, 2009). For the past 36 years, the United States has no formal diplomatic changes towards Cuba. For this reason, this study aims to discuss the best US foreign policy applicable with Cuba. Should the US foreign policy towards Cuba remain as the current trade embargo status? Have we reached the point whereby the US foreign policy for Cuba should start lifting up the trade embargo status? As part of going through the main discussion, whether or not the foreign relationship between the United States and Vietnam – which is also a communist state should be considered as a precedent for normalising relations between the United States and

The Byzantine Empire Essay Example for Free

The Byzantine Empire Essay When the western Roman Empire descended into chaos in 500 C.E. much of the Roman culture on the west side was lost, while the Eastern empire survived and preserved much of the surviving Roman Culture, but changed it’s name to the â€Å"Byzantine Empire,† showing individuality in many aspects between Rome and Byzantine. The Byzantine Empire was the surviving reminisces of the Roman Empire, which flourished into the oldest and longest lasting empire in our history. It began with the emperor Constantine who based much of the Byzantine Empire social structure of Rome. For example, the romans had two distinct classes, the Patricians and the Plebeians, the poor and the elite. The Byzantines had the poors and the Vassals. Although there was a severe gap between the social classes, the Byzantines had something called a Pepacy or the office of the people. â€Å"The laws of every people governed by statutes and customs are partly peculiar to itself, partly common to all mankind†¦..† This shows that although it continued on the Greek style of democracy, it incorporated its own laws and writings in it (Document 1 and Document 4) When the Western Roman Empire crumbled down, many people don’t know the extent of the damage the Western Empire endured. â€Å"And having a mind set upon evil, they took in hand unlawful deeds, thinking to suppress altogether the depicting of the venerable images.† This displays the chaos and anarchy roaming in Western Rome. And when the Byzantine Empire came about, it was the nail in the coffin, marking the decline of the Roman Empire (Document 3) Originally Roman religion worshipped the emperor as a god, a single deity, however that all changed when Constantine came into power. He quickly established the Byzantine capital as Constantinople, and made Christianity as the national religion. This marked the start of Christian ascendancy, which quickly globalized Western Europe. â€Å"We should be the slaves, not the sons of such as Church, and the Roman See would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves.† The following quote depicts many citizens against and the Christian way of life, which eventually switched over to Islam and Constantinople was renamed to modern day â€Å"Istanbul.† (Document 2 and Document 5) If given a bonus document it would explain how people lived day in and day out living in the Byzantine Empire. Because it will explain how much of their daily lives are parallel to that of the ancient Romans.

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems The intensive farming systems of developed countries, such as United Kingdom seek to maximize yield through what is usually described by agricultural economists as Best Management Practice (BMP), which involves the most efficient use of all inputs, including fertilizers, herbicides, seed varieties, and precision agricultural techniques (Goulding et al, 2008). (BMP) Fertilizers have been central to this approach, which has resulted in a tremendous increase in productivity over that last 40 years. For example, the efficient use of improved fertilizers, combined with new varieties of wheat and the successful use of crop protection chemicals, has increased grain yields from 3 tons per hectare to approximately 10 to 11 tons per hectare today (Goulding et al, 2008). Moreover the current market economic incentives facing many farmers are likely to encourage excess fertilizer application (Scott, 2005). It is generally recognized that if eventually the adoption of market prices for most agric ultural goods without any subsidies became a reality, in order to be competitive with the lower production costs of developing countries in South America, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, the pressure to intensify even the most UNITED KINGDOM intensive production systems will as well become reality despite the negative consequences on the environment (Goulding et al, 2008). The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic determinants of intensity of fertiliser application in non-organic cropland farms in England using a panel data model (panel data). The quantitative and behavioural studies in agriculture are frequently based on the notion that the family business is managed by a single decision-maker the person who exerts the financial and managerial control over the farm unit (Morris and Evans, 2004). This perspective derives from neoclassical economies and implies that decisions for the business are taken by a single entrepreneur (War and Lowe, 1994). However this study differs from much previous research into the estimation and clarification of the technical drivers responsible for fertilizer application by including variables that relate to both farmer characteristics and farm economic aspects. It will be followed an argument commonly accept in the literature that farmers tend to over-apply fertilizer from an agronomic perspective (i.e. , more than warranted to attain a given yield target) essentially given the uncertainty about environmental growing conditions (Sheriff, 1995; Scott, 2005). (apply mainly N). Nonetheless the author will have in mind that the fertilizer inputs into agricultural systems in the UNITED KINGDOM occur mainly via Nitrogen (Velthof et al., 1998) with the general objective to reduce the probability of poor yields and moreover increase the variance in profit. However, given the emergent apprehension with the impact of agriculture on environment and society, there has been a growing need to develop a more comprehensive definition of agriculture productivity (Pretty, 1998; Defra, 2002). Although government policies will not be addressed or recommended specifically, the author hopes to open a new channel for discussion. As Annan (2005) argues it is imperative to aim at a reasonable balance between the level of technical detail and the availability of meaningful data describing future development of new and improved categories of abatement options. Consequently contributing to reach the 10per cent inorganic fertilizer reduction by 2020 with consequent reductions in N2O emissions (Entec, 2004), and moreover contribute to UNITED KINGDOM reach the overall national target of 80per cent GHG reduction by 2050(ADAS, 2009).(reduce emissions) Agriculture and fertilizer Agriculture is one of the most successful sectors in terms of productivity growth, has outpaced the rapid growth in demand for its output for the past decades (Shaink el al, 2002). (agri success). This trend has provided hefty social benefits, such as increased the accessibility of agricultural goods usually at a lower price, provision of jobs and therefore rural sustainability, energy and also positive environmental effects, such as aesthetic value, carbon sequestration by soils and trees, and other additional benefits that are linked with good husbandry such as maintenance of natural habitats and countryside landscape (Shaink et al,2002; Scott, 2005) (social benefits / positive extern). However, is largely referenced in literature that the increased use of chemicals either fertilisers or pesticides in agriculture intensive systems is associated with hidden costs due to environmental pollution in soil, water and atmosphere -, consequently has amplified the negative social effects o n the natural environment (eg. Shaink et al,2002; Scott,2005 ) (pollution1). This argument is supported by an analysis of the externalities from UNITED KINGDOM agriculture made by Hartridge and Pearce (2001), finding that negative externalities amount to at least  £1 billion, and positive externalities offset approximately half of these negative effects (negative/positive external). Farmers and fertilizer application The main question rises once more, what are the fertilizer application determinants? For a typical farm manager, output is what matters most to the business survival and prosperity. Consequently, farmers apply fertilisers since they represent personal benefits in the form of improved outputs and incomes, however plants absorb fertilisers just up to their needs only, therefore surplus fertiliser over and above the needs of plants can cause harmful side effects (Scott, 2005) either on the farm profit or in the environment. (more/less fert plant). A given agricultural input bundle might result in wide diverse output levels according to the level at which random factors operate (Gallacher, 2001) (input output). Rounsevell and Reay (2009) clarify the previous argument stating that land use and therefore fertilizer application changes are driven primarily by farmer decisions, which are affected by the economic environment (output and input prices), soil features, crop and livestock yields, timeliness of field operations, availability of investment capital, subsidies as well as the socio-cultural attributes of individual farmersThe first driver is clearly an agronomic argument, since agronomists agree that crop nutrient uptake is higher in years with good growing conditions (Babcock, 1992), therefore if a farmer applies the optimal amount of fertilizer for mean growing conditions, and in a particular year those conditions are better than expected, there will be too little fertilizer and decrease in production. On other hand if weather conditions are not conducive, there will be too much fertilizer (Sheriff, 2005), thus a risk-neutral farmer applies fertilizer at a higher rate as long as the expected gain in profit from the increased yield is higher than the expected loss in profit from wasted fertilizer. Another hypothesis is proposed by Rajsic and Weersink (2008). They argue that while there may be agreement on the functional form of crop response to fertilizer, there will be differences in the optimal rate between locations. Numerous studies have reported that the maximum economic nitrogen rate varies spatially and that the degree of variability can be substantial (Carr et al., 1991). As a consequence there is a need to analyze the spatial variations in order to state the yield potential of the field and/or region, the underlying assumption is that yield potential is directly linked to the productivity of nitrogen, so fields with higher estimated output receive higher rates of fertilizer (Rajsic and Weersink 2008). Dai et al (1993), however, found that nitrogen and soil quality are complements, and soil quality uncertainty and nitrogen availability are linked which will increase nitrogen demand and consequently nitrogen input. Additionally Rajsic (2008), Sheriff (2005) and also Dai el al (1993) argue that one of the main causes for over-fertilisation might be related to the uncertainty about weather and soil characteristics that can lead both risk-averse and risk-neutral farmers to over-apply nutrients, therefore the decision to apply a little extra just in case is particularly appropriate if the cost of over-application is low compared to the cost of under application (Rajsic, 2008) (a little extra risk averse). This idea is supported by Sherriff (2005), arguing that farmers will apply more fertilizer than a crop can use due to a perception that the general recommendations are not appropriate for their individual situations. Smill (1999) argues that the application of N is fairly inefficient in most farms, since farmers are applying nitrogen at levels that exceed those suggested by either government extension services or by the optimal nitrogen appliance (Rajsic and Weersink, 2008) (N inefficiency). Approximately half of Nitrogen applied during a growing sea son is typically recovered in the crop biomass throughout that season, therefore this inefficiency represents a noteworthy cost to farmers and an important consequences for ecosystem and human health as Nitrogen moves beyond the farm level in several aqueous or gaseous forms, such as N2O(Matson et al., 1997, 1998; Galloway, 1998). In practice evidence suggests that farmers systematically over-estimate the impact of additional nitrogen relative to agronomists models and therefore they maintain their beliefs after seeing results from experimental plots (SriRamaratnam et al., 1987). If farmers perceptions are incorrect, these beliefs will lead to over-application, conversely if their sensitivity is correct, analysts may infer excess nutrient applications where none exist. Thus if weather, the relation between fertiliser prices and output prices and soil features are not main and/or the only drivers behind fertiliser application, which characteristics does the farmer have to apply more or less fertiliser compared to those with the same features and constraints? The effect of fertilizers on the environment The relatively cheap price of Nitrogen in relation to its yield improvement benefits, and allowing farmers substantial management flexibility, has been a central contributory factor in determining its overuse and consequently the environmental impacts reported below. It is known that Agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide have fallen by 13 per cent over the 10 years up to 2005 and the trend is continuing (DEFRA, 2007).However despite this reduction in the UNITED KINGDOM and other major developed countries, the major direct emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are from agriculture methane (CH4) caused by enteric fermentation by ruminant livestock and manure management, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils (Gibbons, 2005). Additionally methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than carbon dioxide while nitrous oxide global warming potential (GWP) is considered 296 times that of the same mass of carbon dioxide (Houghton et al., 2001), consequently fairly small concentrations of this gas are sufficient to induce drastic changes in the atmosphere. At current estimates N2O contributes about 7 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions in terms of the GWP (Winiwarter, 2005). As a result, among the gases considered by the Kyoto Protocol, N2O i s ranked third in importance behind carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) (Winiwarter, 2005). Seinfeld and Pandis (1998) add that N2O is a very stable compound in the atmosphere, with a mean lifetime of 120 years, so the emissions will have an effect on the global concentrations in the atmosphere for many decades. The same authors argue that N2O is able to strongly absorb infrared light, thus it also exerts a considerable effect on the earths radiation absorption. Therefore is obvious the magnitude of nitrogen fertilization emissions has a dramatic effect on the environment. Approximately 1per cent of the anthropogenic Nitrogen input into agricultural systems is emitted as nitrous oxide, with agriculture as a whole contributing to 66per cent of total UNITED KINGDOM nitrous oxide emissions in 2006, 95per cent of it via direct emissions from agricultural soils (IPCC, 2006). In addition, fertiliser manufacturing is energy-intensive (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). Carbon dioxide emissions from ammonia production most of which is for fertiliser use made up 0.3per cent (1.6 million tonnes) of UNITED KINGDOM CO2 emissions in 2006 (DEFRA, 2006). Nitrogenous fertiliser consumption in the UNITED KINGDOM increased by nearly 300 per cent between 1961 and the late 1980s, regardless of the decline in agricultural land area (roughly 15per cent in the same time interval) indicating a large increase in application rates per unit area of land over this period (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). As stated previously, fertiliser Nitrogen consumption gradually declined after 1990, reaching a rate of around 1.2 million tonnes per year in 2006 (DEFRA, 2008). As Smil (2000, 2001) argues, Nitrogen (N) is a key input in agriculture, therefore we cannot simply exclude or limit the application of it to meaningless values. We should instead open a new channel of discussion in order to improve or formulate new policies in an enhanced cost-efficient way that decreases damaging effects on the environment and improves farms profits. This can only be achieved if each of determinants of fertilizer application are well understood. Project scope UNITED KINGDOM agricultural features UNITED KINGDOM land use is still largely dominated by agriculture. In June 2008 about 77 per cent of the total land area of the UNITED KINGDOM, which represents approximately 18.8 million hectares, was used for agriculture proposes (DEFRA, 2008). This proportion is relatively large compared with the average of 50 per cent in the EU27, and 54per cent, 47per cent and 50per cent for France, Germany and Spain, respectively (Angus et al, 2009). Despite these figures, agricultures contribution to GDP and employment in the UNITED KINGDOM is low, at about 0.5per cent and 1.8per cent respectively (DEFRA, 2009). Of this area, about 28 per cent is allocated to arable cropping, including fallow land, and 67 per cent to grassland, mostly permanent pastures, and 58 per cent (10.2 million hectares) is considered lowland, defined as land less than 240m above sea level. (Angus et al, 2009). In England due to patterns of agricultural land constraints relative to soils and topography features, the majo r concentration of grassland and livestock farming is located in the North and West, and arable farming in the East and South (Angus et al, 2009). Consequently, the largest farms in the UNITED KINGDOM are concentrated in southern and eastern England (Ward, 2000). The agricultural sector in the UNITED KINGDOM is composed of over 300,000 holdings, varying widely in size and type, employing an assortment of different farming practices and use of inputs such as soil and water as well as fertilizers, land and waste management (DEFRA, 2009). One common aspect among the major countries in the EU is that the farming population is getting older. Eurostat show in 2000 that in UNITED KINGDOM only 5.2 per cent of farmers were under 35 years old, compared to 7.4 percent in 1990. The absolute number of under 35s had fallen over the last decade by 6,000 which represents more than one third. Over the same period, the proportion of holders with 65 years old and over had risen from 22.1per cent to 25 .3per cent (DEFRA, 2007). Regarding the educational level, between 1990 and 2005 there has been almost no change to the overall proportions, roughly three quarters of farmers have no formal agricultural training, with the remaining 25per cent equally divided between the higher education levels (DEFRA, 2007). Another important point relates to the fact that 38per cent of managers of the largest farms have proper agricultural education compared to just 7 per cent on the smallest farms (DEFRA, 2007). Personal Characteristics effects on farm efficiency In modern agriculture there is an increasing need to produce policy evaluation studies in order to be acquainted with the major drivers behind the decisions made by farmers within a socio-demographic context. Numerous studies that have identified a significant variation in the physical and financial performance achieved by farmers operating within the same economic and environmental constraints (Wilson et al, 2001;Rougoor et al, 1998). Therefore, it is pertinent to inquire the reason why this variation occurs. Kay and Edwards (1994) argue that in many occasions the variation in management is the cause of performance fluctuation (farm management). However, unlike physical factors of production (e.g. land, labour, and capital) management is not directly observable, consequently this causes difficulties to any analysis that attempts to explain the management influence on farm performance. Rougoor et al. (1998) defined management capacity into two components: personal feature (e.g., drives, motivations, social factors and education) and features of the decision-making process (e.g., procedures in planning, implementation and control of decisions). Moreover, it is argued that the decision-maki ng process is obviously influenced by the link of the factors stated above, and if any of them is excluded the cause of farm efficiency variation might be incorrectly measured (Wallace, 1974; Kay and Edwards, 1994; Poggi-Varaldo, 1998;Rougoor et al, 1998; Wilson et al, 2001) . Rougoor et al. (1998) highlights the argument that a manager may hold beneficial personal skills however fails to accomplish high performance due to a poor decision-making process. Previous research made by Huffman (1974) found a positive impact of human capital on allocative efficiency in agriculture. In particular, these authors argued that education diminishes the time needed to adjust to changes in production options and/or price ratios. An additional factor that might explain the farm efficiency variation is the farmers age. Burton (2009) emphasises the strength of age as an indicator since age reflects the level of experience which might be a complement or even a substitute of education. In order to demonstrate the significance of education in this subject, Lockhead et al (1981) presented a detailed survey of studies analysing the effect of farmer education on farm management efficiency using the results from 37 data sets, investigating the effect of institutional education and non-formal education. They concluded that in 31 of these data sets, institutional education was found to have a positive and significant effect, and 8 of which provided evidence th at non-formal education was also significantly positively related to productivity. An additional reason for more efficient input and output combinations being attained by more educated farmers is given by Welch (1978) and further by Gallacher (2001), both arguing that optimum firm size is correlated with education as it relates to optimum scale of production, usually the higher education level obtained, the larger the size of the farm being managed. In this study, it will be exploit formal education as one of the explanatory causes in the possible efficiency dissimilarity between two or more farms with the same constraints, due to the difficulty in accurately measuring non-formal education. However, the author is conscious that the final outcome might be ambiguous since these two forms of education are usually complements (Lockhead, 1981; Mook, 1981; Asfaw, 2004). Data Source Farm Business Survey The FBS is widely recognised as the most comprehensive and independent survey of farm incomes and provides an authoritative data source on the economic and physical performance of farm businesses in England and Wales. It is undertaken each year by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the National Assembly for Wales (NAW). In England, the survey is conducted by a consortium of seven FBS Research Centres Universities of Cambridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham and Reading, and Askham Bryan, Duchy and Imperial Colleges, led by the University of Nottingham. Its members work in partnership, using uniform standard practices in reporting their findings to ensure consistent data quality, accuracy and validity. The principal function of the Farm Business Survey (FBS) is to inform the UNITED KINGDOM Government and EU agricultural policy makers of the current financial state of the different sectors of UNITED KINGDOM farming. The FBS also provides full management accounting data on the agricultural activities of farm businesses, location, physical and environmental characteristics of the farm and several measures of non-agricultural activity, such as farm household characteristics. The survey uses a sample of farms that is representative of the national population of farms in terms of farm type, farm size and regional location. Since 2005/06 approximately 2400 individual farms took part in this survey of which roughly 2000 are English (the rest being from Wales). Results are compiled using accredited documents and personal interviews and written up into Farm Business Survey yyyy/yy. .

Construct A Script By Using Scapy Computer Science Essay

Construct A Script By Using Scapy Computer Science Essay Wireless network generally can be defined as a network which is set up by using radio signal frequency to communicate among computers and other network devices. Wireless networks known as WiFi network or WLAN. As a network grows and expands wireless networks are extremely popular and easy to setup feature and no cabling involved. There are two main components to access the wireless network which are wireless router or access point and wireless clients. Wireless network normally used in 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards protocol. Wireless network needs highly security to carry all kinds of confidential data which means at least enabling Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) on the access point. Without proper implementation of security measures, any wireless network adapter coming within the range can access the internet without permission. So, it will results in congestion and some of the authorized client cannot access the internet. So, this research will do wireless network auditing by sniffing some of the information within the access point and detect possible intrusions in Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences. 1.1 Background Wireless network is a network which is setup by using radio signal frequency to communicate among multiple stations at one time. In addition, wireless network referred as WiFi network or WLAN. Although we have enable WEP encryption on the access point, there are still some weaknesses which can be easily crack by the users with the right equipment to crack. The attacker can sniff easily with several tools to crack the password to break in as unauthorized person. In order to verify the correct access point settings and detect intrusions in terms of security in wireless network, we construct the complete script to audit wireless networks. 1.2 Problem Statement Nowadays wireless network become a trend in communication. Each wireless system or access point was setup with certain policies. It is hard to verify whether each wireless access point setup correctly or not. Plus, nowadays we need to use many tools to verify the wireless access point status. Furthermore, most of network admin does not check back each wireless access point after its configuration. Moreover, we need some tools to identify the intrusions that come where they are try to access the Internet. Besides that, some of attackers send spoofing frame to try access the wireless network. So, we cannot identify the attackers MAC address. 1.3 Research Objectives The main objective of this project is: To construct a script by using Scapy To sniff and to find possible intrusion on wireless network related with wireless security. 1.4 Scope of the Research This project focuses in Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences that has multiple access points which will enables to sniff all the information on wireless networks. We focuses on Data Link layer 2 to sniff the broadcast frame and identify possible intrusion. The main platform to run the tools:- Ubuntu10.10 We are use two main tools to construct the script which are:- Python2.6 Scapy 1.5 Significance of the Research This project is important to gain knowledge to construct the complete script by using Python2.6 and Scapy script. We can learn the easiest way by using this script with the shorter line compared to other script. This project also helps to learn 802.11 frame structure including beacon frame that has transmitted by the access point. 1.6 Organization of Thesis This project divided into 5 main chapters: Chapter 1: In this chapter, we discussed on the introduction generally of this topic. It includes problem statement, objectives, scope and significance of the research. Chapter 2: This chapter reviewed literature that relate to the topic with previous researches. We include the similar of related studies to our research. Chapter 3: In third chapter, we identify materials and methods that are described in methodology phases in order to get the desired information for the accomplishment of this research. Chapter 4: In fourth chapter, we discusses on the findings of the research. Chapter 5: Finally, the last chapter is focuses on the recommendations and suggestions where it will summarize the conclusion of the research. 1.7 Conclusion This introduction of this chapter had clearly explained the problem statement, objectives, scope, and significances of the research. This chapter gives a clear view of the overall content of the research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter examines the previous work done by prior researcher in the field of auditing wireless network, security of wireless network and any other related works. Section 2.1 discuss on main platform to install the tools. Section 2.2 discuss on the tools to be use to construct and run the script. Section 2.3 discuss on standard protocol fro wireless Lan(WLAN), IEE 802.11. Then, sections 2.4 discuss on frame for 802.11, 2.5 Wireless LAN components, 2.6 Wireless Network Sniffing, 2.7 reviews for the related works and lastly 2.8 Summarizations of Literature Reviews. 2.1 Platform 2.1.1 Ubuntu10.10 Ubuntu is a free operating system, developed by small team developers who are established Linux Debian projects. This free operating system was developed to facilitate the use of desktop linux, Ubuntu. It developed based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and distributed as free and open source software. Most Ubuntu packages are based on package from Debian. Both distributions are using Debians deb package format and package management tools, Apt and Synaptic. However, sometimes .deb packages need to be rebuild from source to be used in Ubuntu. Ubuntu have variant edition such as GNOME desktop, KDE edition, Kubuntu and server edition. In this project, we use Ubuntu 10.10 as our platform to run all the tools in it. 2.2 Tools 2.2.1 Python Python is the one of the programming language that can interpret in developing the applications such as web applications and integrate the system more effectively. Python can run on Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac OS X. All the Python programs can be packaged into stand-alone executable code for many using various tools. In this project, we use the latest version, Python2.6 tool to construct and run the complete script after install all the Python package in Ubuntu10.10. We use Python as a programming language because it is most powerful language and shorter to write the code than other languages. Compared to other programming languages, Python are readable syntax, intuitive object orientation, very high level dynamic data types, full modularity, supporting hierarchical packages and many more. 2.2.2 Scapy According to Philippe Biondi (2009), Scapy is a powerful interactive packet manipulation program from Python program that be able to forge or decode packets of a wide number of protocols, send them on the wire, capture them, match requests and replies, and much more. It can easily handle most classical tasks like scanning, tracerouting, probing, unit tests, attacks or network discovery. For this project, we focused on 802.11 standard protocols. Scapy enable to sniff wireless network and generate the packet and can send it to the wireless network. 2.3 Wireless Protocol 2.3.1 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 is a standard protocol for wireless LAN (WLAN), which is uses RF technology to transmit and receive data over the air. Based on this standard protocol, it communicates between wireless client and a base stations or access point. There are several types of standard protocols which are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. Here are briefly about types of standard protocols: 2.3.1.1 IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11b standard supports maximum bandwidth 11Mbps in 2.4 Ghz. The advantage of this protocol is lowest. Disadvantage using this protocol is lowest maximum speed because it may interfere if no determined the frequency band. 2.3.1.2 IEEE 802.11a 802.11a supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps in 5 GHz. The advantage of this protocol is fast maximum speed. Disadvantage using this protocol is the cost is higher than IEE 802.11b 2.3.1.3 IEE 802.11g IEE 802.11g standard supports maximum bandwidth 54Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band in maximum range. The advantage is signal range is better with fastest maximum speed. Disadvantage using this protocol is higher cost than IEEE 802.11b. 2.3.1.4 IEEE 802.11n IEEE 802.11n is developed on previous IEEE 802.11 standards by adding MIMO. IEEE 802.11n offers high throughput wireless transmission at 100Mbps 200 Mbps. It is better performance compared with IEE 802.11g. 2.4 802.11 Frame 2.4.1 Frame header Each  frame  contains  a  standard  header  as  shown  in  Figure  2.1 Figure 2.1 Frame Header from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757419(WS.10).aspx The  frame header  contains  all  the  information  needed  to  get  the  frame to  where  it  is  going  and  allow  the  receiver  to  understand  what message  the  frame  is  carrying. Frame Control FC contains control information used for defining the type of 802.11 MAC frame and providing information necessary. FC field as shown in Figure 2.2 Figure 2.2 Frame Control Field from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757419(WS.10).aspx The details of frame control field as follows: Protocol Version Protocol Version provides the current version of the 802.11 protocol used. Type and Subtypes It is determines the function of the frame. There are three main different of type fields which are control, data and management and breaks into multiple subtypes. Three values of type field: 00 Management 01 Control 10 Data 11 Reserved/Unused Breaks into subtype field: 00/0000 Management/Association Request 00/1000 Management/Authentication 00/1100 Management/Deauthentication 01/1011 Control/Request To Send (RTS) 10/0000 Data/Data To DS and from DS Specify  the  addressing  type  of  the frame, either the frame is going to or exiting from the DS. More Fragments   Shows more fragments of the frame, either data or management type. Retry Retransmitted either data or management frame types. Power Management   shows whether the sending station is in active mode or power-save mode. More Data   shows to a station in power-save mode that the AP has more frames to send. It is also used for APs to show that additional broadcast/multicast frames are to follow. WEP   shows whether or not encryption and authentication are used in the frame. Order   Shows that all received data frames must be processed in order. Duration/ID Shows the remaining duration needed to receive the next frame transmission. Sequence Control (SEQ) SEQ used  for  fragmentation  and packet  reassembly. Frame body The frame body contains the data or information included in either management type or data type frames. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) The transmitting STA uses a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) over all the fields of the MAC header and the frame body field to generate the FCS value. 2.4.2 Beacon Frame Beacon frames are identified by the type field being set to 0 (Management Frame) and subtype of 8. Beacon frame are used by access point to advertise its presence and relay information, such as timestamp, SSID, and other parameters based on access point to radio NICs that are within range. Radio NICs continually scan all 802.11 radio channels and listen to beacons as the basis for choosing which access point is best to associate with. According to Robin Wood (2007), people  mostly believe that turning  off  beacons  will  hide  their  network  from  attacks  as  their SSID will no longer be broadcast. Unfortunately, SSID is transmitted in clear text in all management frames and when the network is hidden while there is no data being transmitted, attacker can collect a management frame they can find in network SSID. 2.5 Wireless LAN component 2.5.1 Access point Wireless access point (WAP) is a basically hardware equipment that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards. In a wireless network, an access point sends and receives signals to any number of other, local wireless devices. These are usually adapters and routers. The WAP is commonly use in offices, homes and educational institutions. WAP devices use in IEEE 802.11 standards. 2.6 Wireless Network Sniffing Wireless Sniffer is captures the data on wireless network without being detected. Wireless network sniffing works in 802.11, Ethernet as the physical and data link layers which is able of reporting raw packets (RFMON support), which include any prism2 based card (Linksys, D-Link, Rangelan, etc), Cisco Aironet cards, and Orinoco based cards. Moreover, sniffing can also help find the easy kill as in scanning for open access points that allow anyone to connect, or capturing the passwords used in a connection session that does not even use WEP, or in telnet, rlogin and ftp connections. Sniffing wireless network usually used by the attackers to capture the data and get the appropriate information from the beacon frame. There are several techniques used to sniff the wireless network. Some of them are as follows:- Passive Scanning Passive scanning is the first steps used to sniff the wireless networks. It is turn to mode RF into monitor mode that allows every frame appearing on a channel to be copied as the radio of the station tunes to various channels. A station in monitor mode can capture packets without associating with an AP or ad-hoc network. When the transmission of the data in the form of radio waves starts the attackers can scan the whole data passively and carry on the sniffing process. The so-called promiscuous mode allows the capture of all wireless packets of an associated network. In this mode, packets cannot be read until authentication and association are completed. With the help of this data sniffer can easily decodes the secret information of the wireless networks. SSID Detection After scan the data transmitted, it can detect the list of service set identifier (SSID) in the particular wireless network. The SSID shown in the Beacon frames is set to null in the hope of making the WLAN invisible unless a client already knows the correct SSID.  When the Beacon displays a null SSID, there are two possibilities.   Eventually, an Associate Request may appear from a legitimate station that already has a correct SSID.   To such a request, there will be an Associate Response frame from the AP.   Both frames will contain the SSID in the clear, and the attacker sniffs these.   If the station wishes to join any available AP, it sends Probe Requests on all channels, and listens for Probe Responses that contain the SSIDs of the APs.   The station considers all Probe Responses, just as it would have with the non-empty SSID Beacon frames, to select an AP. Normal association then begins.   The attacker usually waits to sniff these Probe Responses and extract the SSIDs. Otherwise, if the beacon transmission is disabled, the attacker has two choices.   The attacker can keep sniffing waiting for a voluntary Associate Request to appear from a legal station that already has a correct SSID and sniff that SSID.   Collection of MAC addresses After detecting the SSID, sniffer now take steps to sniff the wireless network by collecting the required MAC addresses with the help of passive scanning and also with the help of different types of software. The collected of MAC address used for constructing spoofed frame by using specific tool. In wireless sniffing, there are some reasons why attacker collects all the MAC address. Some of the reasons are the attacker used sniffing to hide his or her identity and their access points. The other reason, access points used in collecting the MAC would not be registered. 2.7 Review of Previous Related Works 2.7.1 Author: David Maynor Title of Paper: Beginners Guide to Wireless Auditing (2006) This paper is a study of how to find the vulnerabilities in wireless devices drivers with specific techniques. The researcher discuss on how to build auditing environment, how to construct tools and finally how to interpret the results. On this paper, although this was done on Dell Latitude D610, the internal wireless card of the machine was not used. The researcher was used wireless card, Netgear WPN511 to set up auditing environment that is supported with madwifi drivers. The combination with LORCON (Loss Of Radio CONnectivity) ability to craft the packet from scratch. Moreover, after setting up the good environment with patch madwifi and LORCON, the researcher construct the script with Scapy to generate a simple frame and inject it. The researcher use Wireshark to see the packets injected. 2.7.2 Author: Shreeraj Shah Title of Paper: Secure Your Wireless Networks with Scapy Packet Manipulation (2007) According to Shreej Shah, Scapy is scriptable and easy to use compared with Kismet and Airodump-ng. This paper focused on intrusion detection by using proven techniques. There are two techniques can be employed which are passive sniffing and active packet injection. The researcher discussed only passive sniffing methodology. In this project, there are several steps are used in passive sniffing methodology as follows:- Set up a station for radio frequency (RF) monitor mode Sniff packets and discover network access points Discover hidden access points and SSID (service set identifier) Harvest MAC and IP addresses Perform ongoing intrusion detection with sniffing. 2.7.3 Author: Robin Wood, Robin and freedomsoftware.co.uk Title: Programming Wireless Security (2007) This paper discussed some programming techniques to build wireless security tools. The researchers construct the script by using Python and Ruby script. There are several techniques that are used by using both scripts including deauthentication attack, sniffing wireless traffic and automating a Four-Way- Handshake capture. All the techniques will be brought together to create an applications to automate capturing an EAPOL handshake which can used to crack the Pre-Shared Key. This paper required several tools including Lorcon, Pylorcon, ruby lorcon and Scruby. Moreover, it also discussed about several issues on Scruby which means Ruby scripts will not work properly as exactly required. 2.8 Summarizations of some Literature Reviews No Author Year Project Title Project Similarities and Differences 1. Peter Seebach 2005 Getting practical about wireless security, Part 1: Building a wireless sniffer with Perl In this paper, lightweight wireless sniffer was build that runs on open source software. This paper show to use open source software by getting information about on wireless network and identified the common security problem. 2. TJ OConnor 2010 Detecting and Responding to Data Link Layer Attacks In this paper, Scapy is used to examine network traffic for data link layer attacks with identifying signatures and anomalies on both wired and wireless networks. 3. Petter Clutterbuck, Terry Rowlands, Owen Seamons 2007 Auditing the Data Confidentiality of Wireless Local Area Networks This paper describes how the software auditing artefact uses on sampled data packets to product a very detailed evaluation of the level of data confidentiality in effect across the WLAN. 4. Mingzhe Li, Mark Claypool, and Robert Kinicki 2005 How to Build and Use an IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network Sniffer In this paper, wireless sniffer is built on computers with Linux operating systems and prism GT-based wireless interface cards. The operating systems tested are SUSE (Novell) Linux release 9.0/9.1/9.2/10.0 and Linux Fedora Core 3 where the kernel version can be either 2.4.x or 2.6.x. The wireless network interface cards, Netgear WG 511 version 1 PCMCIA card and Allnet ALL0271 54Mbit Wireless PCI adapter are used Table 2.1: Summarization of related Literature Review 2.9 Conclusion All the information gathered from this literature review is very useful in order to identify potential information that can make this research more relevant. By understanding the scenario of past implementation, it will give a better view on how to achieve these research objectives and also inspire new ideas to be implemented or added into this research. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter presents about the methodology being used as a guideline to ensure the project will operate successfully. Methodology consists of hardware, software and method that being used in this research. We need to choose proper hardware and software to meet the research requirement. Methodology is very important part to audit the wireless network with sequence of phases. We need to follow all this phases in order to accomplish the final project with achieving the objective. We divide the methodology of our project to several phases, where every phase will include the important activities and its significant to be done. 3.1 Methodology Phase In this project, there are four phases of method that followed properly. First phase is planning, second phase is development, third phase is testing, fourth phase is result and evaluation and the last phase is documentation. All the flow of the methodology phase will be implementing systematically and efficiently as its role is vital to ensure the process of finishing this project in time. These phases are illustrated in methodology overview in Figure 3.1(i) and Figure 3.1(ii). PLANNING DEVELOPMENT TESTING RESULT AND EVALUATION DOCUMENTATION Figure 3.1 Project Phase (i) Documentation Development Testing Result and Evaluation Planning Problem Assessment Preliminary study of Literature Install OS Install Python package Install Scapy package Construct script Run Scapy script Sniff a list of access point. Sniff Intrusion Detection Writing a report Project Scope Project Objective Project Planning Determine hardware and software used Scapy script completed Result finding Final report completed. Figure 3.1 Project Phase (ii) 3.2 Research Methodology 3.2.1 Planning For planning phase, the activity is to define the objective of project by identifying problem assessment and by preliminary study of literature review. The deliverable of this phase can identify research objective and scope and also project planning. It consists of: 3.2.1.1 Preliminary study of literature review The purpose is to understanding the similar or related project to be done. We need to review and get the idea on how it can be implemented and find the objective, scope and others benefit can get for the project requirement. This preliminary study can review by journals, online resource (internet), articles or book. USER ACCESS POINT USER SNIFF3.2.2 Development Diagram 3.1: Structure of research project 3.2.2 [a] Install operating system We install Ubuntu 10.10 with interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) on the laptop. It is easier to update the latest package. All the latest package including Python will updated on Ubuntu10.10 [emailprotected]:~# sudo apt-get update 3.2.2 [b] Install tools We install Scapy in Python program where the Scapy is interactive manipulation program that can construct with the shorter script compared to the other script. We install Python program as a main programming language and resides the entire package in it. a. Install Python 2.6 package [emailprotected]:~# sudo apt-get install python [emailprotected]:~# cd /tmp [emailprotected]: /tmp# fetch http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/files/scapy-latest.tar.gz [emailprotected]: /tmp# tar xvzf scapy-latest.tar.gz [emailprotected]: /tmp# cd scapy-2.1.0 [emailprotected]: /tmp/scapy-2.1.0 # python setup.py install b. Install python-scapy package [emailprotected]:~# sudo apt-get install python-libpcap c. Install libpcap and libdnet and their Python wrappers. [emailprotected]:~# sudo apt-get install python-libdnet d. Install additional software for special features. [emailprotected]:~# sudo apt-get install tcpdump graphviz imagemagick python-gnuplot python-crypto python-pyx 3.2.2 [c] Construct the script We construct the script with Python program for sniffing and detect possible vulnerabilities. The script will run on Ubuntu 10.10 in root terminal. 3.2.3 Testing Testing phase, the action is to test by sniffing wireless network in an area by running the completed script. Before we run the script, we need to setting up the station for radio frequency (FR) in monitor mode. We illustrates the steps in Figure 3.2 Construct the script Setting up the station for Radio Frequency (RF) to monitor mode Script run Enter the command Get the data from acces point including:- Name of access point SSID channel Radio Type Security Type Signal Collect the data: Intrusion Detection including:- Discovering Rogue Access Point Discovering Dummy Access Point Figures 3.2 Steps for testing 3.2.4 Result and Evaluation In this phase, we come out with the result by running the script. We collect all the information about SSID, MAC address, channel, radio type, security type, signal from broadcast frame that send by multiple access point. Next, we can detect possible intrusion by running other script using a same scripting language. 3.2.5 Documentation In this final phase, all the results and findings will be included in one report. From the documentation, the researcher can determine whether the project achieve the objectives or not. 3.3 Hardware and Software Required To execute this project successfully, some requirement need to be accomplish. Some of the requirement will be involving hardware and software. Hardwares that will be required are: 3.3.1 Hardware This project will used laptop. Processor at least 1 Gigahertz of CPU speed. 3GB of RAM 250 Gigabyte of hard disk space Intel WiFi Link 5100 wireless network interface card Motherboard that support the processor Monitor Network cable 3.3.2 Software This project will be running on LINUX platform: Ubuntu 10.10 3.3.3 Tools Python2.6 Scapy 3.4 Conclusion As a conclusion, this chapter is very important to gather all related and relevant information required. All the information will be used in order to achieve the objectives of this research. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.0 Introduction This chapter discusses on the results gathered from this research, which is obtained by implementing the methods in Chapter 3. The result based on running completed script on Ubuntu10.10. It will display all the available information of access point actively in an area after sniffing it. Moreover we can detect all the possible intrusion with display the list of rogue access point and dummy access point. 4.1 Sniff the wireless network First of all we set up Radio Frequency (RF) into monitor mode which is in wlan0 interface. Next, we run the completed script that is already saved in root on Ubuntu 10.10 with the name of file, sniffap.py. Then, we open the root terminal by enter ./sniffap.py wlan0. The result has shown in Figure 4.1 Figure 4.1 Sniff Wireless Networks sniffap.py name of saved file wlan0 monitor mode interface CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.0 Introduction This final chapter discuss about the conclusion of this research. It also discusses the suggestions and recommendations that will help those who want to upgrade or refers to this project in the future. 5.1 Conclusion As you can see, having an effective wireless access policy is critical to the security of any organization that operates a wireless networks. Without appropriate policy, the attacker easily gain access the wireless networks. 5.2 Recommendation This project is hopefully can only use the fully script to get the data from the access point without purchase the tools. Moreover, the admin take the action to get access point more securely and get a better signal for client to access the Internet.

How Can English majors develop their speaking skills? Essay -- Langua

In the next point, I inquired about the amount of presentations they had to prepare, which I regarded significant because based on this, they could decide whether it is enough practice, or they would require more. After that they had to rate how difficult it was for them to prepare these presentations. I aimed to discover their attitudes toward presentations because their approach can influence the final quality of their work. For example, if a student is generally worried about oral presentations, it can be perceptible and the audience would be able to notice that the presenter is struggling. In connection with the difficulty of the preparation, I wanted to gather information about the amount of time they usually spend on this activity. I considered it substantial since it can indicate how seriously they take the task and how much time they need to be well-prepared. Of course, it can be variable because there are students who learn faster, while for others it is a more time-consumin g process. In the next point, I aimed to gather some information about teachers’ willingness to help from the students’ point of view. As the university is an entirely new medium compared to secondary schools, it can be hard to adapt to the new atmosphere and expectations, but helpful teachers represent a great advantage. The following three questions dealt with students’ speaking skills in general. The first one asked whether it has ever caused them a problem to speak in a class. The next one aimed to reveal the possible reasons behind the problem. I think it is crucial to be aware of the difficulties that students can have with oral production. After that they could name methods to successfully overcome their possible fears or problems. I also ... ...n R. Lugossy, J. Horvà ¡th, & M. Nikolov (Eds.) UPRT 2008: Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp. 43-57). Pà ©cs: Lingua Franca Csoport. Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford University Press. Kiss-Gulyà ¡s, J. (2001). Experiencing the Examination Design, Content, Materials and Procedures. In Egyà ¼d J, Gy. & Gà ¡l, I. & Glover, P. (Eds.) English Language Education in Hungary Part III. Budapest: The British Council Hungary. Menyhà ¡rt, A. & Kormos, J. (2006). Angol szakos hallgatà ³k nyelvtanulà ¡si motivà ¡cià ³ja. Iskolakultà ºra, 2006/12, 114-125. Nagy, B. (2005). The role of individual communicational variables in advanced EFL learning. Magyar Pedagà ³gia, 105, 5-27. de Saint Là ©ger, D. & Storch, N. (2009). Learners’ perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System, 37, 269-285.

Bamboo Growth (Dracaena sanderiana) Essay -- Environment, Lucky Bamboo

This research was conducted to investigate light intensity effects on lucky bamboo vegetative growth in Azad University, Abhar Branch during 2008. The experiment was arranged as a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments (0.75, 1.14, 1.89, 2.29 and 4.09 Â µmol∙m-2∙s-1) in 10 replication. Results showed that 1.89 Â µmol/m-2/s-1 had significant differences from others treatments. The higher level of root number, shoot length and total weight of plants were obtained in 1.89 Â µmol∙m-2∙s-1 reatment. Number of shoot, shoot length and number of leaf per shoot were differ in different nodes and were highest in upping nod. Seedlings characteristics are during the growth time as a crucial factor in determining the ultimate fate of the plants. Therefore should be tried always seedlings have to very good condition. Seedling growth and quality are under influenced by environmental factors including light intensity (Lavendar, 1984). If environmental factors such as light intensity changes, also are under affect other factors and final quality of seedlings (Chaar et al., 1997). Seedling producers with changing and optimizing the light intensity regulated the seedlings growth, development, and plant vegetative quality (Lavendar, 1984). Lucky Bamboo with the scientific name Dracaena sanderiana has owned to Dracaenaceae family. This variety of dracaena does not belong to real bamboos of the Poaceae family. This plant are popular because beautiful leaves and robustness to apartment conditions. This plant is among plants that allowed indirect and low light intensity. So they classified in plants group with low light need (Brown, 2008). Brown (2008) reported ... ...results of this experiment showed that Lucky Bamboo is including Plants that have required too little light intensity. High light intensity can be cause yellowing of leaves. If want of results these experiments have a general recommendation for keeping these plants in apartment thus can say Because the total amount of light produced by sodium lamps with 400 watts at 3 meters distance is equivalent to 19 Â µmol s-1m-2. So use of a sodium or fluorescent lamp with 40 watts can to provide power equal to 1 / 9 Â µmol s-1m-2 for the plant (Barzegar & Yadegari, 2010). As that observed of this experiment the best treatment of light intensity for the optimum growth in Lucky bamboo plant is equivalent energy to 1 / 89 Â µmol s-1m-2. Can also provided light intensity needed for this shade-friendly plant with use a 40-watt incandescent lamp at a three meters distance apartment.

Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis Essay

This paper will attempt to discuss the North American market for The Coca-Cola Company in the impact to volume growth or declines for the period, discuss the drivers of profitability during the quarter at The Coca-Cola Company and the likely long-term impact of these drives on profits, discuss the EPS results for the quarter in comparison to historic results and long-term growth targets, and discuss the emerging markets for The Coca-Cola Company and the likely future impact on earnings per share. Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis Discuss the North American market for The Coca-Cola Company in the impact to volume growth or declines for the period The North American market for The Coca-Cola Company is growing positively. Increasing mobility of the company and continuing a positive image for emerging new middle class clients is fueling Coca-Cola into claiming the title of number one beverage producer in North America. Providing that outside factors do not put a slump on the economy, strategic focus of building a strong brand, creating a positive value for the products, and keeping with sound investment practices will ensure the continuing growth of The Coca-Cola Company. For the first quarter of 2012, the North American market for The Coca-Cola Company impact on volume was positive. First quarter reported that the North America Group’s volume grew 2% in the quarter. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) The net revenues increased by 5% with â€Å"as reported† volume growth of 1%. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) The volume growth reflected the effect of having one less day for the quarter in the current year. There was also a positive price/ mix of 3% and a 1% benefit due to the structural change in relation to the acquisition of Greayt Plains Coca-Cola Bottling Company. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) Sparkling beverage volume, drinks with carbonation, grew by 1% for the quarter and still beverage volume grew by 6%. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) There was a reported decline in operating income in the first quarter. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) Due to the cycling of lower commodity costs in prior periods as well as having one less day for sales in the current year quarter, comparable currency nuetral operating income declined 9% in the quarter. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) This decline may be linked to current year timing in comparison to the prior year, which was comtemplated in The Coca-Cola Company’s internal planning process. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) Discuss the drivers of profitability during the quarter at The Coca-Cola Company and the likely long-term impact of these drives on profits. The drivers for profitability came from strong brand programming, positive pricing of products and overall structure change. Smart investing is also another driver of profitability. The advertisement seen at events and on television programming has helped push The Coca-Cola Company’s products into the view of the consumers. The planning processes have positioned The Coca-Cola Company into staying conservative with its investments and watch the market fluctuations as to creating long term investment growth possibilities. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) Things on the radar for The Coca-Cola Company include watching the employment rate in the countries where they are located and the economic environment globally, in relation to if the markets are improving or declining. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) Keeping brands and investments healthy and positive are the main drivers that will impact the long term profitability of this company. Discuss the Earnings per Share results for the quarter in comparison to historic results and long-term growth targets. The earnings per share reported for the first quarter was $0.89. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) In comparison to April 30, 2011, the diluted net income per share was up by 9%, up from $0.82. (Muhtar Kent, 2012) The Coca-Cola Company launched a new program that was to starting the first quarter of 2012 and ending in 2015 called the â€Å"Productivity and Reinvestment program†. (The Coca-Cola Company Reports Full-Year and Fourth Quarter 2011 Results, 2012) This program ihas been set to provide an incremental yearly savings of $550 to $650 million. (The Coca-Cola Company Reports Full-Year and Fourth Quarter 2011 Results, 2012) This goal is fueled by the more than $500 million annualied savings from the previous productivity program launched in 2009 and ending in 2011. (The Coca-Cola Company Reports Full-Year and Fourth Quarter 2011 Results, 2012) The Company’s 2020 goal of designing and implementing the most effective and efficient business system is well on its way towards becoming a reality. Discuss the emerging markets for The Coca-Cola Company and the likely future impact on earnings per share Volume growth for newer markets in China, Japan, and Thailand are on the forefront of The Coca-Cola Company’s main list of places to increase their product presence and strengthen their brand. Having a good price mix of investments and watching the economic status of these countries will help the Company to make sound investment strategies and increase their earnings per share in these regions. China will be an important player in the growth of business for The Coca-Cola Company. This is one of the fastest and largest markets to gain control of and strong marketing practices, along with bringing new jobs to this powerhouse economy will only increase the likelyhood of achieving a positive earnings per share return. In Japan, expanding the current market of items like coffee, sparkling beverages, and teas would help to increase sales in this country. Keeping the brand present as this country tries to recover from a natural disaster in 2011 will help to ease The Coca-Cola Company’s presence back into the line of things for the consumers in this market. Working closely with bottling groups and keeping good ties are helping to spur coke in a positive direction as Japan attempts to recover from the prior year’s decline due to natural disasters. The Coca-Cola Company’s outlook remains positive as it attempts to keep moving forward in the market of beverages. The Company’s long term goals of increasing its efficiency in branding, increasing its productivity, creating new jobs globally, and working on restructuring the company is helping to keep the Company as a top contender in the beverages category and will help maximize its efforts to increase profits for itself and the shareholders.